Built-in typesBool Boolean type. Bool has two possible values: 0B and 1B {…the main reason for rejection of true and false {…11l is not the only one programming language in which boolean values are not true and false: for example, in Objective-C the pair YES/NO is used, and in Scheme: #t and #f} is that keywords do not fit into the base concept of 11l — all root {…for example, L— is a root keyword, and breakis a subkeyword} keywords can be shortened to one letter {…there is an option to do it with Bool values: take Y as Yes/true and O as nO/false/0, but this is even more ugly than 0B and 1B, and also then language should be renamed to 13l}}. [Like in Boolean algebra, in which 0 and 1 are used.] Int Integral type (32 or 64 bits). Int8/Byte Int16 Int32 Int64 or Int1/Byte Int2 Int4 Int8 Float Floating-point type (32 or 64 bits). Float32 Float64 or Float4 Float8 Char Character. For example this code creates a character with code 65: Char(code' 65)Members code
MethodsCode of the character. is_digit()
Return true (1B) if character is a digit. is_alpha() Return true (1B) if character is an alphabetic. is_lowercase() Return true (1B) if character is lowercase. is_uppercase() Return true (1B) if character is uppercase. lowercase() Return a copy of the character converted to lowercase. uppercase() Return a copy of the character converted to uppercase. String String type. Can be constructed from a string literal. Members len
MethodsLength of the string in characters. last
A last character of the string. (This method is called without parens.) starts_with(prefix) Return true (1B) if the string starts with the prefix, otherwise return false (0B). prefixcan also be a tuple of prefixes to look for. ends_with(suffix) Return true (1B) if the string ends with the specified suffix, otherwise return false (0B). suffixcan also be a tuple of suffixes to look for. count(sub) Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub. is_digit() Return true (1B) if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character, false (0B) otherwise. is_alpha() Return true (1B) if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there is at least one character, false (0B) otherwise. find(sub, start = 0) Return the lowest index in the string where substring subis found. Search begins at start. Return N/ nullif subis not found. subcan also be a tuple of strings to look for. findi(sub, start = 0) Return the lowest index in the string where substring subis found. Search begins at start. Return -1if subis not found. rfind(sub[, start]) Return the highest index in the string where substring subis found. Search begins at start(if startis not specified, whole string will be searched). Return N/ nullif subis not found. rfindi(sub, start, end) Return the highest index in the string where substring subis found, such that subis contained within s[start.<end]. Return -1if subis not found. replace(old, new) Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of oldreplaced by new. oldcan be a regular expression. lowercase() Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters converted to lowercase. uppercase() Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters converted to uppercase. capitalize() Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized. zfill(width) Return a copy of the string left filled with ASCII '0' digits to make a string of length width. split(delim, limit = N, group_delimiters = 0B) Divides string into substrings based on a delimiter, returning an array of these substrings. delimcan be a regular expression. delimcan also be a tuple of characters (example: s.split((‘ ’, "\t", "\n", "\r"))). If limitis given, at most that number of fields will be returned (if limitis 1, the entire string is returned as the only entry in an array). [ limitargument in 11l is similar to JavaScript, Ruby and PHP, but not Python.] If group_delimitersis 0B, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are deemed to delimit empty strings (for example, ‘1,,2’.split(‘,’)returns [‘1’, ‘’, ‘2’]). ltrim(string[, limit]) Return a copy of the string with leading strings removed. At most limitstrings are removed. ltrim(tuple_of_chars[, limit]) Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. At most limitcharacters are removed. rtrim(string[, limit]) Return a copy of the string with trailing strings removed. At most limitstrings are removed. Example: ‘1.0.0’.rtrim(‘.0’, 1)returns ‘1.0’.rtrim(tuple_of_chars[, limit]) Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. At most limitcharacters are removed. Example: ‘a.,’.rtrim((‘.’, ‘,’))returns ‘a’.trim(string) Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing strings removed. trim(tuple_of_chars) Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed. format(args...) Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields starting with #. Returns a copy of the string where each replacement field is replaced with the string value of the corresponding argument. Format String Syntax replacement_field ::= "#"["<"](width["."precision] | "."[precision]) width ::= digit+ precision ::= digit+ Examples:
Tuple A tuple. For example, a tuple with two items: (1, 2). Array An array. For example, an array with two items: [1, 2]. Members len
MethodsLength of an array. last
A last element of the array. (This method is called without parens.) join(sep) Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in an array. sepis the separator between elements. map(function) Applies functionto every item of an array and return that new array. filter(function) Return a new array consisting of those elements from this array for which functionreturns true (1B). reduce([initial,] function) Apply functionof two arguments cumulatively to the items of the array, from left to right, so as to reduce the array to a single value. For example, [1, 2, 3].reduce((x, y) -> x + y)calculates ((1+2)+3). If the optional initialis present, it is placed before the items of the array in the calculation, and serves as a default when the array is empty. [Note that order of the arguments is the same as in Java, in Swift and in Rust, but not in Python.] append(new_element) Appends new_elementto the end of this array. append(arr) Appends all elements of arrto the end of this array. append(range) Append all values of rangeto the end of this array. Example: {… V arr = [-1] arr.append(1..3) print(arr) // will print [-1, 1, 2, 3]} arr [+]= x The same as arr.append(x). pop() Retrieves the last item of this array and also removes it. index(x) Return index of the first occurrence of xin this array. ValueErroris raised when xis not found in this array. find(x, start = 0) Return index of the first occurrence of xin this array, or N/ nullif xis not found in this array. xcan also be a tuple of values to look for. Dict A dictionary. For example, a dictionary with two items: [‘key1’ = 1, ‘key2’ = 2]. Methods keys()
Return an array of the dictionary's keys. values() Return an array of the dictionary's values. filter(function) Return an array consisting of those elements of dictionary for which functionreturns true (1B). DefaultDict A dictionary, which does not throw an exception when accessing a non-existent key (it inserts a new item with a default value in this case). File A file object. Methods File(name, mode = ‘r’)
Open file with the specified name and mode (note: only ‘r’ and ‘w’ are supported at the present moment). read() -> String Read a whole file into a string, and return it. Note: only UTF-8 encoding [with optional BOM] is supported at the present moment. read_lines(keep_newline = 0B) -> Array[String] Reads the entire file as individual lines, and returns those lines in an array. If keep_newlineargument is true (1B), trailing new-line characters are left as is. read_bytes() -> Array[Byte] Read a whole file into an array of bytes, and return it. write(s) Write the string sto the file. flush() Flush the write buffers of the file. |